The Politics of Futility: The General Jewish Workers Bund of Poland, 1917-1943

accept activities affiliation Alter anti-Semitic Arbeiter army attacks attempt autonomy became become believed bloc Bolsheviks Bund Bund's Bundists called cause Central changed closely Comintern Committee Communist Party considered convention cultural daily delegates democracy developed dictatorship economic election Erlich existence faced faction favored fight followed force formed German Ghetto hope Ibid immediately independent insisted interest International issue Jewish Jewish Socialist Jews join labor labor movement leaders left-wing majority March Marxism masses meeting Mensheviks minority movement nationalist Nazis official opposed opposition organization particularly peasants period Pilsudski points Poland Polish political population position problem proposed question refused regime rejected remain reported represented revolution revolutionary rule Russian separate Social Democratic Socialist parties Soviet split struggle tion Union unity Vilno vote wanted Warsaw wing workers Yiddish York