The Physics of Metals

alloying elements alloys aluminum amount amplitude annealed atoms austenite axis bainite bands body-centered body-centered cubic brass carbide carbon cementite chromium cold-work composition compression constant copper corresponding creep critical shearing stress d band decrease deformation diagram diffusion dislocations displacement distortion effect elongation equation equilibrium example face-centered cubic fact ferrite ferromagnetic Figure free energy given grain boundaries hardness heat hexagonal Hooke's law increases internal friction interstitial iron lattice levels magnetic martensite material measured mechanism Mehl metals nickel nuclei observed obtained occur orientation oxide pearlite percent phase Phys Physik plastic flow polycrystalline polycrystals possess precipitation produced properties range ratio recrystallization region relative result room temperature rupture stress shown in Fig shows single crystals slip planes solid solubility specimen stable steel strain stress-strain curve structure sufficiently surface theory thermal tion transformation transition twinning valence electrons variation wave whereas work-hardening zero zinc