The Culture of National Security: Norms and Identity in World PoliticsThe political transformations of the 1980s and 1990s have dramatically affected models of national and international security. Particularly since the end of the Cold War, scholars have been uncertain about how to interpret the effects of major shifts in the balance of power. Are we living today in a unipolar, bipolar, or multipolar world? Are we moving toward an international order that makes the recurrence of major war in Europe or Asia highly unlikely or virtually inevitable? Is ideological conflict between states diminishing or increasing? In The Culture of National Security, sixteen leading scholars employ an innovative fusion of sociology and security studies to explore alternatives, to the long-dominant analytical perspectives of neorealism and neoliberalism. Questioning the utility of imagining global security relations simply in terms of the conventional dimensions of power and interest, contributors reflect on whether a more effective model would include analysis of cultural complexes as well. Spanning two centuries from the Greek war for independence in the 1820s to Israeli Palestinian negotiations today, reflecting on such pressing concerns as nuclear and chemical weapons bans and humanitarian intervention, The Culture of National Security lays the groundwork for new models of national security and global affairs, offering a much needed entry point to understanding a world in transition. |
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Contents
Introduction Alternative Perspectives on National Security | 1 |
Why Traditional National Security Issues? | 7 |
Existing Analytical Perspectives | 11 |
CulturalInstitutional Context and Political Identity | 17 |
Why Bother? | 26 |
Norms Identity and Culture in National Security | 33 |
Analytical Context | 37 |
Theoretical Perspectives | 42 |
Strategic Preference Rankings | 248 |
Chinese Conflict Behavior | 251 |
Problems of Analysis | 256 |
Identity and National Security | 269 |
Identity Norms and National Security The Soviet Foreign Policy Revolution and the End of the Cold War | 271 |
Realist and Liberal Explanations | 276 |
An Ideas and Identity Framework | 283 |
The Empirical Case | 288 |
Arguments | 52 |
Methodological and Metatheoretic Matters | 65 |
Extension and Conclusion | 72 |
Norms and National Security | 77 |
Status Norms and the Proliferation of Conventional Weapons An Institutional Theory Approach | 79 |
Standard Explanations for the Proliferation of Weaponry | 82 |
Obligatory Action and an Institutional Theory of Weapons Proliferation | 86 |
Hypotheses | 98 |
Research Design Data and Methods of Analysis | 100 |
Results | 104 |
Norms and Deterrence The Nuclear and Chemical Weapons Taboos | 114 |
The Social Construction of Deterrence | 116 |
The Chemical Weapons Taboo | 126 |
The Nonuse of Nuclear Weapons | 134 |
Norms Constructivism and Explanation | 143 |
Constructing Norms of Humanitarian Intervention | 153 |
Using Norms to Understand International Politics | 156 |
Humanitarian Intervention in the Nineteenth Century | 161 |
The Expansion of Humanity and Sovereignty | 170 |
Humanitarian Intervention Since 1945 | 175 |
Culture and French Military Doctrine Before World War II | 186 |
Alternative Explanations | 188 |
The Cultural Roots of Doctrinal Decisions | 200 |
The Cultural Roots of French Doctrine | 204 |
Cultural Realism and Strategy in Maoist China | 216 |
Why China? | 218 |
Some Conceptual and Methodological Issues | 221 |
The Maoist Central Paradigm | 229 |
Back to the Future? | 311 |
Norms Identity and National Security in Germany and Japan | 317 |
Deficiencies of Structural Accounts | 319 |
The Concept of PoliticalMilitary Culture | 325 |
The Origins of the New PoliticalMilitary Cultures | 329 |
The Evolution of the Two PoliticalMilitary Cultures | 338 |
The Evolution of German and Japanese Security Policies | 345 |
Collective Identity in a Democratic Community The Case of NATO | 357 |
Theorizing About Alliances | 359 |
A Liberal Interpretation of the Transatlantic Security Community The Origins of NATO | 372 |
How Unique Is NATO? | 397 |
Identity and Alliances in the Middle East | 400 |
Identity and Alliance Formation | 403 |
Identity and Alliances in Arab Politics | 413 |
USIsraeli Relations | 432 |
Implications and Conclusion | 449 |
Norms Identity and Their Limits A Theoretical Reprise | 451 |
How Norms Matter | 454 |
The Sources of Norms | 469 |
Challenges in the Study of Norms | 483 |
Conclusion National Security in a Changing World | 498 |
Realism and Liberalism | 500 |
Summary and Extensions | 505 |
Going Beyond Traditional National Security Studies | 523 |
America in a Changing World | 528 |
539 | |
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