Primitive Revolutionaries of China: A Study of Secret Societies in the Late Nineteenth Century

according Army bandits Banner became Boxers brethren Buddhist bureaucratic Canton ceremony Ch'ing Chapter China Chinese secret societies Chinese society Confucian dynasty economic Elder Brothers Society Emperor entered the Hung-league five forces formed Fukien function gentry Government grades guilds Gustave Schlegel Heaven heterodox Hong Kong Hsiao Hunan Hung Ibid Imperial Incense Master initiation Kung Kuomintang Kwangsi Kwangtung labour land leaders League lineage literati lodge London Manchu membership ment merchants military militia Ming Ming dynasty monks Nien Nien Rebellion nineteenth century northern Oath official organization orthodox society pao-chia peasant Peking political population protection province punished rebellion rebels recruits Red Cudgel religious republican republican revolution revolution revolutionary ritual role Schlegel secret society members sects Shanghai Shantung shih social Stanton structure symbolic Szechwan T'ang Taiping Taiping Rebellion Taoist tion traditional Triad Society Vanguard village voluntary associations wealth White Lotus White Lotus Society Yüan