Patterns of French Literacy Development Among Elementary Students in Mali

6th grade teacher academic language proficiency activities advanced stories African languages analysis Bamako Bamanankan bilingual education biliteracy blackboard c'est Classroom observation Coding Scale cognitive comprehension context criteria criterion Cummins curriculum dictation education in Mali emerging stories enfants essays Figure French language gender girls grade levels grammatical grammatical aspects initiating event interaction intermediate stories interviews J.R Elementary learners lesson linguistic literacy development Mali Malian languages methodology moi monsieur national languages noun modifiers oral participants PC 3rd grade PC 6th grade PC school PC sixth PC students pedagogical Pédagogie Convergente Percentage of students percentage range primary language qualitative qualitative research reading and writing reference second language sentences sixth grade skills story climax story resolution students writing TF 3rd TF 6th TF students third graders three images Traditional French school UNESCO verb agreement words writing samples