Party Systems and Voter Alignments: Cross-national Perspectives

active Agrarians agricultural analysis appears areas behavior Catholic Center central Christian Church cities class voting cleavages communes Communist compared Conservatives contrast countries cultural Democratic differences distinct dominant early economic elections electoral established fact factors farmers figures Finnish force France given higher historical ideological important income increase independent industrial Institute interests issues Italian Italy Labor leaders Left less Liberal lower majority mass middle class mobilization movement nationalist North occupational opinion opposition organizations particularly party party system peasants percent political population position preference present Press proportion Protestants provinces radical regions religious representatives Republic Republican Right rural similar social Social Democratic Socialist society South Spain Spanish status strength strong structure suffrage suggest survey Table tend tion traditional union United University urban vote voters West women workers working-class