Morphological AstronomyMan has a great tendency to get lost or to hide, as the case may be, in a jungle of details and in unnecessary complications. Why do anything simply if you can do it complicated? And still, life itself presents a sufficient number of problems to keep us busy. There would seem to be no need to create additional difficulties, just for the fun of it, especially if these self-made difficulties become practically insuperable and if in the end they cause much unhappiness. The morphological mode of thought and of action was conceived to break the vicious hold which the parasitic wild growth of complications exerts on life in all of its phases. Morphological thought and action are likely to be of value in all human activities, once such thought and action have been clearly delineated and fully developed, and once they have been practised by a sufficiently large number of people. Since the morphological method is of the greatest universality, the choice of the field to which one applies it first is not particulary critical. The author intends to write two or three books on the morphology of several large scale problems, which are both of a technical and of a general social nature. The present book is concerned in particular with some implications of morphological thinking in astronomy. We shall above all emphasize the basic character of the morphological approach, and we shall demonstrate its constructive power in a number of specific cases. |
Contents
1 | |
6 | |
9 | |
11 | |
The Method of Negation and Subsequent Construction | 17 |
The Morphological Method of Analysis and Construction | 19 |
Past Applications of the Morphological Method | 21 |
Deficiencies which Aid the Morphological Method | 22 |
A Possible Universal Characteristic Central Density of Clusters of Galaxies | 144 |
Relative Physical Characteristics of Galaxies and of Clusters of Galaxies | 146 |
Dimensional and Dimensionless Morphology in Cosmology | 149 |
b Dimensional Morphology 41 Distribution of Clusters of Galaxies and their Apparent Populations Intergalactic Obscuration | 156 |
The Frequency of Clusters of Galaxies as a Function of their Angular Diameters Crucial Tests for the Theory of the Expanding Universe | 166 |
The Total Space Occupied by the Large Clusters of Galaxies | 170 |
The Luminosity Function of Cluster Galaxies | 171 |
Preliminary Test of the Theory of a Flat Expanding Universe | 176 |
The Record of the 18inch Schmidt Telescope on Palomar Mountain | 27 |
Specific Plans for a Morphological Approach to Astronomy | 29 |
Clouds and Clusters of Galaxies | 30 |
The Large Scale Distribution of Matter in the Universe | 32 |
The Coma Cluster of Galaxies | 37 |
Excursion into the Theory of Probabilities | 50 |
Continuation of the Discussion on the Coma Cluster | 53 |
The Cancer Cluster of Galaxies | 57 |
The Pegasus Cluster of Galaxies | 61 |
Review of the Observations on the Clusters of Galaxies in Coma Cancer and Pegasus | 68 |
Irregular Clusters of Galaxies | 70 |
Isopleths of Nebular Distribution | 82 |
The Large Scale Distribution of Galaxies and of Clusters of Galaxies | 88 |
Cluster Cells | 91 |
The Field of the Coma Cluster | 92 |
The Field of the Pegasus Cluster | 94 |
Various Statistical Methods in the Field of Dimensionless Morphology Contagion | 99 |
Comparison of the Observed and of the Random Distribution Curves of Galaxies | 100 |
Intergalactic Obscuration | 101 |
Counts of Galaxies in Depth and in Width | 108 |
Counts of Galaxies in Dependence upon Apparent Magnitude | 110 |
Kinematic and Dynamic Characteristics of the Large Scale Aggre gates of Matter | 114 |
Some Basic Problems Relating to the Universal Redshift | 123 |
Elements of a Theory of the Large Scale Distribution of Matter in the Universe | 125 |
Dimensional Aspects of Large Scale Clustering | 126 |
Hydrodynamical Concepts | 128 |
Applications of the Virial Theorem to Clusters of Galaxies | 129 |
Clusters of Galaxies and the Emden Gravitational Isothermal Gas Sphere | 134 |
The Morphological Approach Toward the Determination of Absolute Dimensions and of Absolute Physical Characteristics of Very Remote Objects | 179 |
Remarks on the Morphology of Possible Cosmological Theories | 186 |
The Einstein Redshift | 188 |
The Gravitational Drag of Light | 190 |
Morphological Features of Individual Galaxies | 192 |
Program for the Investigation of Individual Galaxies by the Methods of Dimensionless Morphology | 193 |
The Kinematic and Dynamic Characteristics of Galaxies | 208 |
The Masses of Galaxies | 214 |
Galaxies as Gravitational Lenses | 215 |
The Luminosity Function of Galaxies | 220 |
Multiple Galaxies and Intergalactic Matter | 229 |
Morphological Astronomical Kaleidoscope | 231 |
Observations Made and Planned | 232 |
Experimentation with Celestial Objects | 249 |
Astrophysical Theories | 250 |
Material Reconstruction of Parts of the Universe | 259 |
Sociological Problems | 262 |
The Morphological Method and a priori Knowledge The Magic Numbers | 270 |
The Irreducible Foundations of Communicable Truth | 272 |
Outstanding Transcendental Numbers | 273 |
The Dimensionalities used in Physics | 275 |
Why is Space ThreeDimensional? | 279 |
Other Magic Numbers | 280 |
Epilogue | 282 |
Bibliography | 290 |
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296 | |
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Common terms and phrases
200-inch telescope 48-inch Schmidt telescope analysis apparent magnitude apparent photographic magnitude astronomy average number brighter brightest clouds cluster galaxies clusters of galaxies colour Coma cluster communicable truth density derived diameter dimensionalities dimensionless discussed distance distant galaxies distribution of galaxies dust emulsions energy extragalactic faint fainter field galactic pole galaxies per square globular gravitational HUBBLE HUMASON intergalactic matter interstellar investigation km/sec large clusters large scale luminosity function luminous mass Medium Compact member galaxies million light minutes of arc Morphological Astronomy morphological box morphological method n₁ nebulae number of galaxies objects observed obtained Palomar parsecs particles photographic magnitude plates population possible problem radial velocities radius random distribution range ratio redshift regions relative Schmidt telescope space spectra spectral types spectrum spherical spiral square degree stationary statistical stellar systems supernovae surface brightness Table theory total number values various velocity dispersion Virgo cluster ZWICKY