Between Slavery and Free Labor: The Spanish-speaking Caribbean in the Nineteenth Century

abolition of slavery African AGPR agricultural Archivo areas average Boyer British West Indian caballerías Camagüey capital Caribbean central Chinese cocolos colonial contract laborers Creole crisis Cuba Cuban sugar cultivation decline Dominican Republic economic emancipation esclavitud ex-slaves export factors foreign free labor freedmen García hacendados haciendas Haiti Haitian harvest Havana hispanophone History immigration important increase ingenios investment Isla island Jamaican José labor force land landowners Libro Matanzas merchants migration Moret Law nineteenth century North American number of slaves owners patrocinados Pedro de Macorís percent period pesos plantation economy planters political Ponce Port-au-Prince properties Puerto Plata Puerto Príncipe Puerto Rico Recueil des Lois region Rican San Germán San Pedro Santiago Santiago de Cuba Santo Domingo sector Sidney W slave labor slave population social society sources Spain Spanish sugar estates sugar industry sugar mills sugar production tion Total transition United wage