Nascent Vortices in Type-II Superconductors

alloy AMPLIFIER anisotropic applied field applied magnetic field approximately bulk vortices calculated CALIFORNIA/SANTA CRUZ cavity resonance CMPLX LOAD coherence length CRUZ The University CRYSTAL DETECTOR current density D.C. magnetic field dielectric resonators DIRECTIONAL COUPLER electrons Equation existence of nascent experiments field H field is increased fluid model flux flow frequency Gauss Ginzburg-Landau Ginzburg-Landau theory hysteresis loops interior vortex lattice klystron Lorentz force m₂ magnetic pressure Meissner microwave absorption microwave cavity microwave conductivity microwave currents microwave magnetic field microwave power microwave surface impedance mixed modulation nascent vortex layer nascent vortices normal order parameter output penetration depth perpendicular reactance sample surface shown in Figure shows signal averaging slope soldered superheating and supercooling superheating field surface impedance model surface reactance surface resistance surface sheath temperature transport current Type-11 superconductors Type-II University Library UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA/SANTA USER LI CONJ voltage vortex cores vortex entry vortex nucleation waveguide X-Y RECORDER