Chloride Transport Coupling in Biological Membranes and Epithelia

absence acid active addition Ahearn anion appears basolateral bathing binding Biol cAMP cell chloride Cl absorption Cl influx Cl transport compared concentration conductance constant coupled cytoplasmic decrease dependent described direct effect electrical electrochemical electrogenic energy entry epithelia epithelium et al evidence exchange experiments external fluid flux function Gerencser gland glucose gradient Gradmann Hanrahan HCO3 increase indicate inhibition inhibitor intestine intracellular kinetic levels light locust lumen luminal means measured mechanism medium Membr membrane mucosal NaCl negative observed occurs pathway Phillips Physiol Plant plasma possible potential presence properties proximal pump reabsorption reaction rectal reduced response saline salt Sanders secretion segment serosal shown shows similar Smith sodium solution species stimulation studies suggested Table teleost tissue transepithelial tubule uptake values White