Chloride Channels and Carriers in Nerve, Muscle, and Glial CellsF.J. Alvarez-Leefmans, John M. Russell This is a book about how Cl- crosses the cell membranes of nerve, muscle, and glial cells. Not so very many years ago, a pamphlet rather than book might have resulted from such an endeavor! One might ask why Cl-, the most abundant biological anion, attracted so little attention from investigators. The main reason was that the prevailing paradigm for cellular ion homeostasis in the 1950s and 1960s assigned Cl- a ther modynamically passive and unspecialized role. This view was particularly prominent among muscle and neuroscience investigators. In searching for reasons for such a negative (no pun intended) viewpoint, it seems to us that it stemmed from two key experimental observations. First, work on frog skeletal muscle showed that Cl- was passively distributed between the cytoplasm and the extracellular fluid. Second, work on Cl- transport in red blood cells confirmed that the Cl- transmembrane distribution was thermodynamically passive and, in addition, showed that Cl- crossed the mem brane extremely rapidly. This latter finding [for a long time interpreted as being the result of a high passive chloride electrical permeability(? CI)] made it quite likely that Cl- would remain at thermodynamic equilibrium. These two observations were gener alized and virtually all cells were thought to have a very high P Cl and a ther modynamically passive Cl- transmembrane distribution. These concepts can still be found in some physiology and neuroscience textbooks. |
Contents
Methods for Measuring Chloride Transport across | 3 |
Ion Activities and Ion Concentrations | 11 |
Measuring Net Fluxes with ClSelective Microelectrodes | 55 |
Copyright | |
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Chloride Channels and Carriers in Nerve, Muscle, and Glial Cells F. J. Alvarez-Leefmans,John M. Russell No preview available - 2014 |
Common terms and phrases
accumulation AChR acid active Cl Aickin Aickin and Brading Alvarez-Leefmans amino anion exchange Aplysia astrocytes Barker bicarbonate bicuculline Bormann Boron Brain Res bumetanide Ca2+ cation changes channels activated Chemeris Cl--free Cl-/HCO3 exchange concentration conductance cotransport crayfish decrease dependent depolarizing effect efflux EGABA EIPSP electrode equilibrium extrusion flux frog furosemide GABA receptor GABA-activated GABA-induced ganglion glial cells glycine gradient HCO3 hippocampal hyperpolarization inactivation increase influx inhibition inhibitory intracellular intracellular pH ion channels ionic IPSP K+,Cl Kazachenko Kettenmann Kimelberg kinetics London mammalian measured mechanism membrane potential microelectrodes msec Na+,K+,Cl Neurosci observed oligodendrocytes passive distribution patches permeability Physiol postsynaptic potassium presence primary astrocyte cultures properties pulses recorded response reversal potential single-channel skeletal muscle smooth muscle solution spinal cord spinal neurons squid axon squid giant axon steady-state studies synaptic transmembrane transport system uptake values vas deferens vertebrate voltage