Optical Rheometry of Complex FluidsThis book provides a self-contained presentation of optical methods used to measure the structure and dynamics of complex fluids subject to the influence of external fields. Such fields--hydrodynamic, electric, and magnetic--are commonly encountered in both academic and industrial research, and can produce profound changes in the microscale properties of liquids comprised of polymers, colloids, liquid crystals, or surfactants. Starting with the basic Maxwell field equations, this book discusses the polarization properties of light, including Jones and Mueller calculus, and then covers the transmission, reflection, and scattering of light in anisotropic materials. Spectroscopic interactions with oriented systems such as absorptive dichroism, small wide angle light scattering, and Raman scattering are discussed. Applications of these methods to a wide range of problems in complex fluid dynamics and structure are presented, along with selected case studies chosen to elucidate the range of techniques and materials that can be studied. As the only book of its kind to present a self-contained description of optical methods used for the full range of complex fluids, this work will be special interest to a wide range of readers, including chemical engineers, physical chemists, physicists, polymer and colloid scientists, along with graduate and post-graduate researchers. |
Contents
| 3 | |
The Jones and Mueller Calculus | 23 |
Ellipsometry | 45 |
4 Total Intensity Light Scattering | 52 |
5 Spectroscopic Methods | 77 |
6 Laser Doppler Velocimetry and Dynamic Light Scattering | 100 |
7 Microstructural Theories of Optical Properties | 109 |
8 Design of Optical Instruments | 149 |
9 Selection and Alignment of Optical Components | 181 |
10 Applications and Case Studies | 193 |
Appendix I List of Jones and Mueller Matrices | 229 |
Appendix II Nomenclature | 237 |
References | 245 |
| 257 | |
| 265 | |
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Common terms and phrases
A₁ absorption aligned anisotropy axis beam birefringence and dichroism birefringence measurements calculated circ circular circular polarizer coefficient components coworkers defined deformation detector dielectric tensor dipole distribution function dynamics E₁ electric field electric vector equation extensional flow flow birefringence fluid Fourier frequency G. G. Fuller incident light infrared intensity interactions isotropic Jones matrix Jones vector laser light scattering linear liquid crystals Macromolecules material molecular weight molecules Mueller matrix normal stress optical elements orientation angle parallel particles phase plane polarimeter polarizability polarizability tensor polarized light polymer polymer chain polymer solutions polymeric liquids properties quarter-wave plate Raman scattering ratio refractive index refractive index tensor relative relaxation result retardation rheometry rotation sample scattered light segments shear rate shown in Figure simple shear simple shear flow Stokes vector stress optical structure factor tion transition uniaxial unit vector velocity gradient vibrational wave wavelength