The History of Mathematics: An Introduction

a₁ Academy algebraic ancient appeared Arabic Archimedes arithmetic Arithmetica astronomical axioms Babylonian Babylonian Mathematics Bernoulli Book calculation called Cantor Cardan century circle congruent construction countable cubic cubic equation Descartes Descartes's Diophantus discovery divisors Egyptian Elements Emmy Noether equal equation Euclid Euclid's Elements Euclidean Euclidean geometry Euler existence Fermat Fibonacci formula Galileo Gauss given Göttingen Greek hence Hilbert Hint infinite integers known Laplace lectures Leibniz length letter Lobachevsky logical mathematical induction mathematician Mersenne method Newton non-Euclidean geometry notation number theory parallel postulate Pascal perfect number perpendicular philosophy positive integers Principia probability problem proof Proposition proved published Pythagorean triple quadratic rational numbers real numbers rectangle result Rhind Papyrus right triangle roots Saccheri scholars scientific side solution solving square symbols theorem translated treatise triangle ABC unit fractions University Weierstrass writing