Principles of Industrial Water Treatment

acid added addition alkalinity amount anodic areas attack boiler boiler water CaCO3 calcium carbon cathodic cation cause cell Chapter chemical chlorine cleaning closed combination common concentration containing continuous cooling tower cooling water systems copper corrosion cycles deposits determined discussed dissolved drum effective exchanger feed feedwater Figure filter flow formation fouling function growth hardness heat heat transfer higher hydrogen increase industrial inhibitors iron less levels lime limited loss lower magnesium makeup materials matter mechanical metal metal surface method microbiocide normal occurs operating organic oxide oxygen phosphate plant polyphosphate potential precipitation pressure prevent problems protection pump range reaction reduce removal resin result salts sample scale shown side silica sludge sodium solids soluble solution spray steam steel sulfate surface suspended Table temperature tion treated treatment tubes units usually Valve washer zinc