Transhumants of Himalayas: Changspas of Ladakh, Gaddis of Himachal Pradesh, and Bhutias of Sikkim

adaptation agriculture Barton Bharmour Patwar Circle Bharmour Tehsil Bhutia society Bhutias of Lachen Brahmans brothers Busti butter ceremonies Chamba District Chang-Thang changes Changpas clothes crops cultivation cultural Dzumsha ecological conditions economic activities encampment environment factors female fields flocks fodder forest Gaddis Gaddis of Bharmour Goba Gompa Gotra grazing groups herding unit high altitude Himachal Pradesh Himalayas household Illus important Jammu and Kashmir Kangra Karzok kilometres kinship labour Lachen and Lachung Lachenpas Lachungpas Ladakh Lamas land large number live low caste maize male marriage married meat metres migration milk months mountain North Sikkim nuclear family Pashmina pastoral activities pastures pattern person Pha-spun Phipun polyandrous population production Puhals Rajputs Rebo region relations ritual Rupshu season sheep and goats shepherds Sikkim Sipi social organisation summer tents Thanggu Tibet Tibetan tion trade traditional transhumant Tsampa valley weaving winter women wool zones