NASA's Scientist-AstronautsMounting pressure in the early 1960s from the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) to study ways of expanding the role of astronauts to conduct science on future space missions led to NASA’s conclusion that flying scientifically trained crewmembers would generate greater returns from each mission. NASA and industry studies continued investigating possibilities that could lead to the eventual creation of the first space stations using surplus Apollo hardware, through the Apollo Applications Programme (AAP). There was also a growing interest within the military to create their own manned space station programme, conducting on-orbit experiments and research with strategic advantages for national security. In October 1964 the Soviets launched Voskhod 1 whose 3-man crew were identified as the first ‘scientific passengers’ in space. A few days later NASA and the NAS had completed joint studies into the possibility of using scientists in the manned space programme, and invited scientists to apply for astronaut training. In selecting the first group of scientist-astronauts, NASA had one firm requirement; any person accepted into the programme would have to qualify as a military jet pilot. While the second group of scientists were completing their academic, survival and flight training programme, the remaining members of the first scientist-astronaut group were involved in supporting the developing Apollo Applications programme and the Apollo lunar programme. |
Contents
A manned satellite project | 2 |
Science and manned space flight | 13 |
Science and manned orbital space flight 196176 | 19 |
Taking immediate steps | 29 |
Scientists as cosmonauts | 39 |
Physician cosmonauts | 45 |
References | 48 |
Testing the candidates | 52 |
the challenge of EVA | 356 |
Dr Bill flies | 366 |
we deliver and pick up twice | 396 |
के के के के ने | 405 |
Spacelab 2 and three scientistastronauts | 414 |
Ending of Eras | 431 |
CB points of contact for Flight Data File November 1985 | 438 |
51 | 440 |
F Curtis Michel | 71 |
School for Scientists | 93 |
General training | 102 |
The Excess Eleven | 117 |
Holmquest | 139 |
F Story Musgrave | 150 |
Flying Is Just Not My Cup of Tea | 171 |
References | 197 |
Laboratories in the Sky | 243 |
Science pilot training | 264 |
48 | 290 |
Learjet simulation programme 19724 | 294 |
Training for ASSESSII | 305 |
The value of participation | 327 |
we deliver | 351 |
Returntoflight and a return to space | 444 |
62 | 457 |
70 | 464 |
71 | 474 |
Science Officers on | 477 |
A reduced role ISS science officers 20035 | 486 |
Chronology of the NASA ScientistAstronaut Programme | 497 |
73 | 502 |
Appendix 4 Profiles of the Seventeen | 511 |
Where Are They Now? | 519 |
Bibliography 527 | 526 |
535 | |
536 | |
540 | |