Haiti: State Against Nation

agricultural allegiance alliance apparatus Ardouin arena army auto-neutralization Beaubrun Ardouin became bourgeoisie Boyer campaign Cap-Haïtien capital chief civil society civilian claim clairs coffee colonial color prejudice crisis cultural dechoukaj Déjoie Dessalines dictatorship discourse Duvalierist Duvalierist violence economic especially Estimé Executive export force foreign François Duvalier François Duvalier's French gens de couleur Gonaïves groups Haïti Haitian elites ideological important increased independence individuals institutions intellectuals Jean-Claude Duvalier Kébreau landlords leaders Les Cayes light-skinned Louverture Magloire majority makout Marines masses merchants Michèle Bennett middle classes military mulâtre mulattoes nation nationalist négritude nineteenth century noir noiriste officers organization parasites peasantry peasants percent Pétion plantations polarization political politicians population Port-au Port-au-Prince practices president Price-Mars production provincial Radio Soleil redistribution regime remained republic role Saint-Domingue Salnave social state's surplus Sylvain Salnave taxes tion tonton-makout totalitarian towns traditional Trouillot U.S. occupation United urban urbanites Vodoun