Earth Manual: A Guide to the Use of Soils as Foundations and as Construction Materials for Hydraulic Structures |
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Common terms and phrases
amount asphaltic concrete Atterberg limits auger blankets borrow areas borrow pits Bureau of Reclamation canal cement characteristics clayey coarse coarse-grained cobbles compacted backfill compressibility concrete construction curve density test deposits depth determined drilling dry density earth dams earthfill embankment Engineering and Research engineering properties equipment excavation exploration exploratory holes feet Figure fill filter fine-grained soils foundation gradation grains gravel impervious inches inplace investigation laboratory tests layer liquid limit load loess material maximum method moisture obtained particles penetration percent percentage permeability pervious pipe plasticity index pressure procedures Proctor relative density Research Center riprap rockfill roller sampler sand and gravel saturated shear strength sieve SIEVE ANALYSIS silt silty slopes Soil Classification soil mass soil-cement specific gravity structures subgrade surface test holes test pit thickness tion trench U.S. Geological Survey undisturbed samples usually void ratio volume water content well-graded zone
Popular passages
Page 12 - ... increases with increasing plasticity. High dry strength is characteristic for clays of the CH group A typical inorganic silt possesses only very slight dry strength. Silty fine sands and silts have about the same slight dry strength, but can be distinguished by the feel when powdering the dried specimen. Fine sand feels gritty whereas a typical silt has the smooth feel of flour TOUGHNESS (Consistency near plastic limit) After...
Page 12 - The tougher the thread near the plastic limit and the stiffer the lump when it finally crumbles, the more potent is the colloidal clay fraction in the soil. Weakness of the thread at the plastic limit and quick loss of coherence of the lump below the plastic limit indicate either inorganic clay of low plasticity, or materials such as kaolin-type clays and organic clays which occur below the A-line. Highly organic clays have a very weak and spongy feel at the plastic limit.
Page 12 - ... crumbles. The rapidity of appearance of water during shaking and of its disappearance during squeezing assist in identifying the character of the fines in a soil. Very fine clean sands give the quickest and most distinct reaction whereas a plastic clay has no reaction. Inorganic silts, such as a typical rock flour, show a moderately quick reaction. Dry Strength (crushing characteristics) After removing particles larger than No. 40 sieve size, mold a pat of soil to the consistency of putty.
Page i - This includes fostering the wisest use of our land and water resources, protecting our fish and wildlife, preserving the environmental and cultural values of our national parks and historical places, and providing for the enjoyment of life through outdoor recreation. The Department assesses our energy and mineral resources and works to assure that their development is in the best interest of all our people.
Page 12 - ... in diameter. The thread is then folded and rerolled repeatedly. During this manipulation the moisture content is gradually reduced and the specimen stiffens, finally loses its plasticity, and crumbles when the plastic limit is reached. After the thread crumbles, the pieces should be lumped together and a slight kneading action continued until the lump crumbles. The tougher the thread near the plastic limit and the stiffer the lump when it finally crumbles, the more potent is the colloidal clay...
Page xiii - The manual provides current technical information on the field and laboratory investigations and construction control of soils used as foundations and materials for dams, canals, and many other types of structures built for US Bureau of Reclamation projects in the United States.
Page 12 - Allow the pat to dry completely by oven, sun, or air drying, and then test its strength by breaking and crumbling between the fingers. This strength is a measure of the character and quantity of the colloidal fraction contained in the soil. The dry strength increases with increasing plasticity. High dry strength is characteristic for clays of the CH group. A typical inorganic silt possesses only very slight dry strength.
Page i - Interior is responsible for the development and conservation of the Nation's water resources in the Western United States. The Bureau's original purpose "to provide for the reclamation of arid and semiarid lands in the West" today covers a wide range of interrelated functions.
Page i - to provide for the reclamation of arid and semiarid lands in the West" today covers a wide range of interrelated functions. These include providing municipal and industrial water supplies; hydroelectric power generation; irrigation water for agriculture; water quality improvement; flood control; river navigation; river regulation and control; fish and wildlife enhancement; outdoor recreation; and research on water-related design, construction, materials, atmospheric management, and wind and solar...
Page 12 - No. 40 sieve size, prepare a pat of most soil with a volume of about one-half cubic inch. Add enough water if necessary to make the soil soft but not sticky. Place the pat in the open palm of one hand and shake horizontally, striking vigorously against the other hand several times.