Bainite in Steels: Transformations, Microstructure and Properties

acicular ferrite Acta Metall allotriomorphic ferrite aluminium atoms austenite grain austenite grain boundaries austenitisation bainite reaction bainitic ferrite bainitic microstructures bainitic steels bainitic transformation Bhadeshia boron carbide precipitation carbides carbon concentration carbon steels cementite composition continuous cooling continuous cooling transformation crack creep curve decreases diffusion driving force ductility effect embrittlement equation equilibrium experimental fatigue ferrite plates fracture free energy fully bainitic grain boundaries grain size growth habit plane hardenability heat treatment Hehemann inclusions increases interface invariant plane Iron Steel Inst isothermal transformation kinetics lattice low carbon lower bainite martensitic transformation molybdenum niobium nucleation oxide paraequilibrium particles partitioning pearlite plastic platelets rail steels regions residual austenite retained austenite sample segregation sheaf sheaves solid solution strain structure sub-units substitutional solute supersaturated tempered martensite tenite tensile thermodynamic tion titanium toughness Trans transformation temperature TTT diagram upper bainite volume fraction Widmanstätten ferrite yield strength