Volcanism and Evolution of the African Lithosphere

Afar alkaline amphibole anomaly basanites basin Bayuda Beccaluva Cameroon Line carbonatite clinopyroxene component continental craton crust crustal depth Earth and Planetary East African Rift Ebinger enriched eruption Ethiopian Plateau evolution flood basalt fractional garnet geochemical Geochemistry Geological Society Geophysical Research granulite Group harzburgites HIMU host basalt isotope compositions Journal of Geophysical Journal of Petrology Kenya Kibo Kilimanjaro kimberlites Labait Lashaine lavas lherzolites lithosphere lithospheric mantle mafic magmatism Main Ethiopian Rift mantle beneath mantle source mantle xenoliths Marsili Massif Mawenzi metasomatic minerals Namibia Neoproterozoic northern Nyblade Nyos oceanic OIB-like olivine partial melting Pb isotope peridotite peridotite xenoliths Petrology phenocrysts phonolites Planetary Science Letters plate plume ratios Rift system Rudnick samples seismic Shira signature silicate SiO2 spinel subduction Tanzania tectonic tholeiitic tion trace elements trace-element trend ultramafic ultramafic xenoliths upper mantle velocity wehrlite xenoliths zone