A Manual of the Geology of India: Extra-peninsular area, by H. B. Medlicott and W. T. Blanford. [n. dGeological Survey Office, 1879 - Geology |
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Ammonites Arakan Arakan Yoma Assam axis band basin beds Blaini calcareous carboniferous central gneiss Cherra clays coal conglomerates contortion cretaceous crystalline crystallizing Dáling Damúdas denudation deposits Dhauladhár disturbance earthy east elevation eocene fault fauna feet felspar flexure formations forms fossiliferous fossils Gáj geological gneiss gneissic gorge granite grey ground hills Himalayan Hundes India Indus Irawadi Island Kángra Kashmir Khási Khirthar known Król Ladák main boundary Manchhar mass metamorphic metamorphic rocks miles mineral miocene mountains Náhan Nepál newer north-west nummulitic nummulitic limestone observed occur older outcrop paleozoic pass Pegu Perim Island Pir Panjál pliocene probably Punjab quartz quartzite ridge river Salt Range sandstones schists sedimentary shales shew shewn silicate silurian Simla Simla region Sirmúr sivalensis Siwalik slate series species Stoliczka strata Sub-Himalayan zone Subáthu Sutlej synclinal tertiary rocks thickness Tibet triassic unconformity upper tertiary valley volcano Zánskár
Popular passages
Page 525 - The continued experience that the fossil remains in these Tertiary strata are exclusively of land or fresh-water organisms, made this view untenable ; and in time it came to be realized that the deposits themselves bear out the same opinion ; the mountain torrents are now "in many cases engaged in laying down great banks of shingle at the margin of the plains, just like the Siwalik conglomerates; and the thick sandstones and sandy clays of the Tertiary series are of just the same type of form and...
Page 524 - Alps, of a clear pepper and salt grey, sharp and fine in grain, generally soft, and in very massive beds. The whole Middle and Lower Siwaliks are formed of this rock, with occasional thick beds of red clay and very rare thin, discontinuous bands and nodules of earthy limestone, the sandstone itself being sometimes calcareous, and thus cemented into hard nodular masses.
Page 525 - ... that the deposits themselves bear out the same opinion : the mountain torrents are now in many cases engaged in laying down great banks of shingle at the margin of the plains, just like the Siwalik conglomerates ; and the thick sandstones and sandy clays of the tertiary series are of just the same type of form and composition as the actual deposits of the great rivers. Beds of this character alternate with the upper beds of the Subathu group ; so it seems probable that from early tertiary times...
Page 525 - ... that the Lower and Middle Siwalik formations are composed of immensely preponderating sandstone, with occasional thick beds of red clay and rare, thin, discontinuous bands of nodular earthy limestone — the sandstone itself being occasionally calcareous. Conglomerates prevail in the Upper Siwalik and they are often made up of the coarsest shingle, precisely like that in the beds of the great Himalayan torrents.
Page 525 - ... clays of the Tertiary series are of just the same type of form and composition as the actual deposits of the great rivers-. " Beds of this character alternate with the upper beds of the Subathu group ; so it seems probable that from early Tertiary times the sea has been excluded from the Sub-Himalayan region, and that the whole of the Sub-Himalayan deposits, above the Subathu group, are fresh-water and fluviatile, and formed on the surface of the land. They are in fact, subaerial formations,...
Page 541 - ... sandy clays of the Tertiary are, in form and composition, similar to the actual deposits of the great rivers. The vast extent of the alluvial fans is illustrated by one example : " In the range between the Jumna and the Ganges, clays are very subordinate and the conglomerates are formed of the very hardest quartzite pebbles, just like the shingle now found in the great mountain torrents. This portion of the range is, in fact, an ancient diluvial fan of the rivers Tons, Jumna and Ganges. The Jumna,...
Page 470 - ... along the coast is a pale grey clay or marl, more or less indurated, occasionally intersected by veins of gypsum, usually sandy, and often highly calcareous, occurring in beds of great thickness. With this, clay bands of shelly limestone, calcareous grit and sandstone are interstratified, but these usually form but a small portion of the mass, although their greater hardness makes them conspicuous at the surface.
Page 525 - Siwalik group), and locally in the Lower Siwaliks, the sandstone is thoroughly indurated and often of a purple tint, while retaining the distinctive aspect. In the Upper Siwaliks conglomerates prevail largely ; they are often made up of the coarsest shingle, precisely like that in the beds of the great Himalayan torrents. Brown clays occur often with the conglomerate, and sometimes almost entirely replace it. This clay, even when tilted to the vertical, is...
Page 487 - ... of the Salt Range are broken and mixed up in a most complicated manner, masses of the marl having been squeezed by pressure in places into a position in which they appear to overlie more recent rocks, whilst all the newer formations are cracked and faulted. The detailed geology of the range is consequently very intricate, and it is not always easy to tell whether dislocations of the strata are due to true faults traversing all the beds, inclusive of the salt marl, or whether the displacement...
Page 525 - Siwaliks conglomerates prevail largely ; they are often made up of the coarsest shingle, precisely like that in the beds of the great Himalayan torrents. Brown clays occur often with the conglomerate, and sometimes almost entirely replace it. This clay, even when tilted to the vertical, is undistinguishable in hand specimens from that of the recent plains, deposit ; and no doubt it was formed in a similar manner, as alluvium. The sandstone, too, of this zone, is exactly like the sand forming the...