Paying for Roads: The Economics of Traffic Congestion

advantage allocating amount Britain buses calculated car space car users cent city centres congested roads congestion charges congestion costs congestion taxes cost-benefit cost-benefit analysis costs arising costs imposed costs of providing costs resulting costs that arise demand for parking demand sensitivities difficulty effect electricity example expenditure fuel tax funds Greater London increase journeys licence losses method of restraint miles per hour motor motorists moving traffic number of parking off-street car parks Oxford Street parked cars parking charges parking meters parking restrictions passengers payment possible prepared to pay pricing points pricing system pricing zone private car problem profits provide parking space public transport raise rational reason reduce rent revenues road pricing road space road system road use costs road users roads authority street parking space subsidized tion traffic congestion Traffic in Towns traffic speeds vehicle users vehicle-mile vehicle-mileage Victoria Line William Vickrey